Discourse analysis
Analysis of Inference and Cohesive marker
Arranged by
Sri Fita Rahmawati
A1D207157
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL FACULTY
ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM
HALUOLEO UNIVERSITY
KENDARI
2010
1. References
According to Halliday, reference is the relationship between an element of the text and something by reference to which is interpret in the given in instance. Reference is a potentially cohesive relation because the think that serves as the source of the interpretation may itself be an element of text.
Concerning with the cohesion within a text, it can be provided by relationship
Called co-reference. Brown and Yule (1976: 31) cite, ‘Co-reference forms are forms
Which instead of being interpreted semantically in their own right make reference to
Something else for their interpretation.” So, through co-referential relation, we may
Interpret a text. If the interpretation lies outside the text in the context of situation, the
relationship is said to be an ‘exophoric’ relation which plays no part in textual cohesion. And if the interpretation lies within the text, the relationship is said as ‘endophoric’
relation. Endophoric is divided in two relations. They are anaphora and cataphora. Anaphora is the form of presupposition, pointing back to some previous item and cataphora is the form of presupposition with the presupposed element following:
a. Situational (exphora)
b. Textual (endophora)
- To preceding text (anaphora)
Anaphoric can be seen in the personal reference. Those are as follow:
- To following text ( cataphora) on the contrary cataphoric aspect can be show it in the demonstrative pronoun such as:
The other hand there is also cataphory such as the demonstrative pronoun namely:
2. Substation
Substitution is a relation within a text as replacement of one item by another.
- Nominal: one, ones, same.
- Verbal : do
- Clausal : so, not
There are three kinds of clausal substitution
a. Substitution of reported clause: so it seems, so he said, so I believe, so we were led to understand.
b. Substitution of conditional clause. assuming so and not,
c. Substitution of modality clause for example: will, would, can, could, may, might, must, should, and ought to.
3. Ellipsis
Ellipsis is a process within the text as the omission of an item that required by grammar which speaker /writer assumes are obvious from context and therefore need not be raised.
There are three headings namely ellipsis, verbal ellipsis, clausal ellipsis.
4. Conjunction is rather different from the other kind of cohesive devices. It is nor simply an anaphoric relation. Conjunction is a salient cohesive device because of its function of specifying the semantic connection of clause with the preceding text.
There are four categories of conjunction.
- Additive
1. Simple additive
a. Such as and, and also, and…….. Too.
b. Negative : Nor, and.....not, not either…..neither
c. Alternative : or, or else
2. Complex additive relation (internal): emphatic
a. Additive Such as, further (more), moreover, additionally, besides that, add to this, in addition, and other thing.
b. Alternatively
3. Complex additive relations (internal) de-emphatic
a. Afterthought : incidentally, by the way
4. Comparative relationship (interval)
a. Similar : likewise, similarly, in the same way, in (just) this way
b. Dissimilar : on the other hand, by contrast, conversely
5. Appositive relationships (interval)
a. Expository: that is, I mean, in other words, to put it another way.
b. Exemplificatory : for instance, for example, thus
- Adversative
The basic meaning of the adversative relation is contrary to expectation. The expectation may be derived from the content of what is being said, or from the communication process, the speaker-hearer situation as in the additive we find cohesion on both the external and the internal planes.
1. Adversative relations ‘proper’ (in spite of) (external and internal)
a. Simple: yet, through, only
b. Containing: but
c. Emphatic: however, nevertheless, despite this, all the same.
2. Contrastive relations (‘as against’) (external)
a. Simple: but, and
b. Emphatic: however, on the other hand, at the same time
3. Contrastive relations (‘as against’) (internal)
a. Avowal: in fact, as matter of fact, to tell the truth, actually,
b. in point of fact
4. correcting relations (‘not…but’) (internal)
a. Correction of meaning: instead, rather, on the contrary
b. Correction of wording: at least, rather, I mean
5. Dismissive (generalizes adversative) relations (no matter…, still’) (external and internal)
a. Dismissal, closed: in, any/either case/event, any/either way, whichever
b. Dismissal open-ended: anyhow, at any rate, in any case, however that may be.
- Causal
The simple form of causal relation is expressed by so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently, accordingly, and a number of expression like as a result (of that), in consequence (of that), because of that. Under the heading of causal relations are included the specific ones of result, reason, and purpose. The distinction between external and internal types of cohesion tends to be a little less clear cut in the contexts of causal relations than it is in the other contexts, probably because the notion of cause already involves some degree of interpretation by the speaker. The simple forms thus, hence, and therefore all occur regularly in an external sense, implying some kind of reasoning or argument from a premise.
The following is a summary of the conjunctive relations of the causal type:
1. Clausal relation, general (‘because…so’) (external and internal)
a. Simple: so, thus, hence, therefore
b. Emphatic: consequently, accordingly, because of this
2. Clausal relation, specific
a. Reason: (mainly external) for this reason, on account of this (internal) it follows (from this), on this basis this (internal) it follows (from this), on this basis
b. Result: (mainly external) as result (of this), in consequence (internal) arising out this
c. Purpose: (mainly external) for this purpose, with this in Mind/view (internal) to this end
3. Reserved clausal relations, general
a. Simple: for, because
4. Conditional relations (‘if…then’) (external and internal)
a. Simple: then
b. Emphatic: in that case, that being the case, in such an event
c. Generalized: under the circumstances
d. Reserved popularity: otherwise, under the circumstances
5. Respective relations (‘with respect to’) (internal)
a. Direct: in this respect/connection, with regard to this, here
b. Reversed popularity: otherwise, in the other respects, aside/apart from this.
- Temporal
The relation between the two sentences – that is, their relation in internal
as content- maybe simply one of sequence in time: the one is subsequent to the temporal relation is expressed in its simplest form by then. One important internal temporal conjunction which is linked to the one just discussed is the real what is being said to the particular stage which the communication process has re to here and now of the discourse, as it were. For example:
1. Simple temporal relations (external)
a. Sequential: (and( then, next, afterwards, after that, subsequently
b. Simultaneously: just (then), at the same time, simultaneously
c. Preceding: earlier, before, then/that, previously
2. Complex temporal relations (external0
a. Immediate: at once, there upon, on which, just before
b. Interrupted: soon, presently, later, after a time, sometime, earlier
c. Repetitive: next time, on other occasion, this time, the last time
d. Specific: next day, five minutes later, five minutes earlier
e. Durative: meanwhile, all this time
f. Terminal: by this time, up till that time, until then
g. Punctiliar: next month, at this point/moment, previous moment
3. Conclusive relations (external)
a. Simple: finally, at last, in the end, eventually
4. Sequential and conclusive relations (external): correlative forms
a. Sequential: first…then, first…next, first…second
b. Conclusive: at first…finally, at first…in the end
5. Temporal relations (internal)
a. Sequential: then, next, secondly
b. Conclusive: finally, as a final point, in conclusion
6. Temporal relations (internal): correlative forms
a. Sequential: first…next, first…then, first…secondly
b. Conclusive: …finally, …to conclude with
7. Here and now relations (internal)
a. Past: up to now, up to this point, here to fore
b. Present: at this point, here
c. Future: from now on, hence forward
Text 1
Television
Television (TV) is the transmission of the pictures and sound from one place to another. It is one of the most important means of mass communication in the world. The television began in 1937 when public broadcasts were made from Alexandria palace in London. Several scientists had worked on developing television including the scot John Logie Baird and Americans Vladimir Zworykin and philo Farnsworth.
Television pictures and sounds are made up of electronic signal produced by camera and recreated by a television set; a TV camera has lenses which focus the picture into a surface that converts light to electronic signals, which can be recorded of video tape. The signals can be turned into radio waves, to be broadcast from radio transmitters, beamed via satellite or sent along cable networks directly to the TV set in homes.
A TV camera has a lens, which focuses the picture into light detectors, which convert light to electronic signals for broadcasting. The main part of the TV is a large, funnel shaped glass tube with a screen at one end. The inside of the screen is coated with strips of chemical called phosphor, which light up when electrons hit them. A beam of electrons is fired at the screen from guns at the back of the tube. Focusing plates, controlled by the TV signal, target the beam on the screen, creating the picture. A mask blocks any electrons. Color TV sets have three-electron beams-one each for red, green and blue.
(Adapted from The Grolier Children’s Encyclopedia)
1. Television (TV) is the transmission of the pictures and sound from one place to another.
a. Conjunction: “and” In this case is include in the one kind of conjunction as contractive relation. That has function for connection between noun and noun (picture and sound).
b. The is anaphoric refer to picture and sound
c. Ellipsis “another “is referring to place. It means that to ovoid repletion word
2. It is one of the most important means of mass communication in the world.
a. Anaphora:” It” refers to back namely television in sentence 1.
3. The television began in 1937 when public broadcasts were made from Alexandria palace in London.
Conjunction: “when” has function for transitional word.
Expora: “public broadcasts refer to context of condition at the time.
4. Several scientists had worked on developing television including the scot John Logie Baird and Americans Vladimir Zworykin and philo Farnsworth.
a. Catapora “Several scientists” refers to following such as: scot John Logie Baird and Americans Vladimir Zworykin and philo Farnsworth.
b. Conjunction ” and” connection between noun and noun namely name of expert
5. Television pictures and sounds are made up of electronic signal produced by camera and recreated by a television set; a TV camera has lenses which focus the picture into a surface that converts light to electronic signals, which can be recorded of video tape.
a. Conjuction “and” has function for connection noun and noun namely pictures and sound. “And” is connection for noun and verb namely, camera and recreated. “
6. The signals can be turned into radio waves, to be broadcast from radio transmitters, beamed via satellite or sent along cable networks directly to the TV set in homes.
a. Conjunction in simple additive” or”
7. A TV camera has a lens, which focuses the picture into light detectors, which convert light to electronic signals for broadcasting.
a. Causal conjunction “for” has function to explain function a TV camera.
8. The main part of the TV is a large, funnel shaped glass tube with a screen at one end
b. Substation “at one end” refers to the element A TV camera.
9. The inside of the screen is coated with strips of chemical called phosphor, which light up when electrons hit.
a. Conjunction “Which” is refers for connection of clouse
10. A beam of electrons is fired at the screen from guns at the back of the tube.
11. Focusing plates, controlled by the TV signal, target the beam on the screen, creating the picture.
12. A mask blocks any electrons.
a. Conjunction Adversative Dismissive “Any”
13. Color TV sets have three-electron beams-one each for red, green and blue.
a. Substitution “one each for” refers color TV of electron. It is including anaphora.
b. Conjunction of simple additive “And” has function for connection adjective and adjective namely green and blue.
Career Women and Their Family problems
By: Wahyu Endah
We live with a deep-seated view in our culture that a women’s role in the house. She is to manage everything in the family, from kitchen work to education of the children. She should be there in the family.
That old-fashioned principle has now gone from the society as a result of Kartini’s struggle for emancipation. The first straggle was only limited to education, but it has developed into an overall aspect of life. Nowadays we see more career women than we though we expected. And a large number of them are successful in business.
These career women, however, have to face conflicts in their attempt to balance between career outside the house and family problems. They have to fairly divide their time between family business and career. They have to cope up with their times and their offices. They have to live with the anxieties about childcare. They have problem how to be successful in career and the family.
On the other hand, women who do not take a jobs also worry about whether the family could live one salary, the father’s, instead of two. A career woman will always be annoyed by the possibility on their children being astray. Who then is responsible for the children’s future? Can the working parents assure their children about building their future without close supervision? But then problem is augmented by the family survival. The standing question among career women is whether they could make the time they spend with their children really “quality time”. The quality time, the time in which people can make the best for their benefit, also worries fathers. Working fathers also concerned about the children’s future, social bearing and attitude toward the world. Will the children be able to stand on their own without their parent interfering in preparation?
Another problem with working parents is how to keep is how to keep harmony in the family. This usually felt when the whole family gathers within limited time during the week. Can the children be open of their daily problems with their parents so that the whole family can discuss them to find way out? Stars boys and girls are usually rebellious in the family and are not honest with their parent. In such a situation the mother will usually regret her taking the job just for family economy.
The really successful career woman is one who can still bring success to the children despite her activities outside the family. Can all career women be that wise? See around and will be able to judge for your self.
(Progress ygy)
1. We live with a deep-seated view in our culture that a women’s role in the house.
a. Conjunction causal simple temporal “That” refers the women it selves.
b. Exphora “We” refers to people/ reader.
2. She is to manage everything in the family, from kitchen work to education of the children.
a. Anaphora refers back to sentence one namely the women’s role.
3. She should be there in the family.
a. Anaphora “She” refers to women in sentence 1
4. That old-fashioned principle has now gone from the society as a result of Kartini’s struggle for emancipation.
a. Conjunction causal temporal “that” refers view of women’s role in sentence 1
b. Conjunction s reserves clausal relation “for” has function to role women it
Self for emancipation.
c. Cataphoric “now” it refers to time
5. The first straggle was only limited to education, but it has developed into an overall aspect of life.
a. Conjunction sequential and conclusive relation “The first” refers to the role of women
b. Conjunction adversative relation “But” refers to straggle in education.
c. Anaphora “it “refers to back namely education.
6. Nowadays we see more career women than we though we expected.
a. Conjunction temporal relation “Nowadays” refers time.
b. Exphora ”We” refers to reader or society
7. And a large number of them are successful in business.
a. Conjunction contrastive relation “And “ refers to number of women’ career
b. Anaphora” them” refers to women itself in sentence 6
8. These career women, however, have to face conflicts in their attempt to balance between career outside the house and family problems
a. Conjunction adversative relation” however, refers two contractive women career.
b. Anaphora “ Their” refers to women career
9. They have to fairly divide their time between family business and career.
a. Anahora “They” refers to women her self in sentence 8
b. Anaphora “Their” refers to women time
10. They have to cope up with their times and their officer
a. Conjunction “And” refers relation noun and noun time and their afficer
b. Anaphora” their”refers to possosive determiner of they.
11. They have to live with the anxieties about childcare
a. They is
12. They have problem how to be successful in career and the family.
a. They refer to women. In sentence 8. It is including anaphora.
13. On the other hand, women who do not take a jobs also worry about whether the family could live one salary, the father’s, instead of two.
a. On the other hand is conjunction contractive refers to women problem in sentence 12.
b. instead of is conjunction correcting relation is refers to women jobs.
c. Could is
d. Whether
14. A career woman will always be annoyed by the possibility on their children being astray.
a. Their anaphora refers to women
b. Will Substitution refers to women job in sentence 13.
15. Who then is responsible for the children’s future? Can the working parents assure their children about building their future without close supervision? But then problem is augmented by the family survival.
a. “Who “anaphora refers to women in sentence 13
b. “Then” is refers conjunction temporal relation.
c. “Can “ refers substitution of modality it has meaning ability of parents
d. Their anaphora refers to parents
e. But
f. then
16. The standing question among career women is whether they could make the time they spend with their children really “quality time”.
a. Could is substitution of modality refers to ability of women
b. They is anaphora refers to women job in sentences 13
17. The quality time, the time in which people can make the best for their benefit, also worries fathers.
a. for is conjunction it refers children advantage
b. people is cataphora refers to reader or society
18. Working fathers also concerned about the children’s future, social bearing and attitude toward the world. Will the children be able to stand on their own without their parent interfering in preparation?
a. Will is substitution refers children
b. Their own
19. Another problem with working parents is how to keep is how to keep harmony in the family.
20. This usually felt when the whole family gathers within limited time during the week.
The is
a. This is anaphora refers to problem in sentence 19.
21. Can the children be open of their daily problems with their parents so that the whole family can discuss them to find way out? Stars boys and girls are usually rebellious in the family and are not honest with their parent.
a. There is anaphora refers to children is sentence 18
b. Can
c. Their
d. so that is substitution
e. them is anaphora refers to children in sentence 18
f. and I conjunction
22. In such a situation the mother will usually regret her taking the job just for family economy.
a. Mother is refers cataphora refers following in sentence 13.
23. The really successful career woman is one who can still bring success to the children despite her activities outside the family.
a. One is substitution refers to career
b. Who is anaphora refer to women
c. Can is substitution modality refers to women job
24. Can all career women be that wise? See around and will be able to judge for your self.
a. Your self. Is exphora is people or reader in the context.
ra. Kartini
Every April 21 people in Indonesia commemorate the Kartini day. It is beautiful day for the woman because we celebrate the birth of great lady ra. Kartini. Everyone knows who Kartini is. She is our national heroine and a great lady with the bright idea Kartini was born in 1879 april 21 inMayong Jepara. Her father was rmaa. Sosroningrat Wedana (assistant of head of regency) in Mayong. Her mother, Mangasirah was a girl from teluk Awur village in Jepara as the daughter of a noble family; she felt luck because she got more than the ordinary people got. She got better education than other children in November 12 1903 she married Adipati Djoyodiningrat, the head of Rembang regency. According to Javanese tradition Kartini had to follow her husband. Then she moved to Rembang. In September 13 1904 she gave a birth to her son. His name was Singgih. But after giving birth to a son, her condition was getting worse and she finally passed away on September 17 1904 on her 25 years old now Kartini has gone. But her spirit and dream will always be in our heart. Nowadays Indonesian women progress is influenced by Kartini's spirit stated on collection of letter habis gelap terbitlah terang from the dusk to the dawn
1. Every April 21 people in Indonesia commemorate the Kartini day.
a. People is exphora refers to society
b. The
2. It is beautiful day for the woman because we celebrate the birth of great lady ra. Kartini.
a. It is beautiful anaphora refers to April 21 as kartini day ins sentence 1
b. For is conjuction refers to day.
c. Woman is cataphora
d. We is anaphora refers to people
3. Everyone knows who Kartini is.
a. Who is conjunction refers to kartini
b. kartini
4. She is our national heroine and a great lady with the bright idea Kartini was born in 1879 april 21 in Mayong Jepara.
a. She cataphora refers to kartini
b. our national anaphora refers to day
5. Her father was rmaa. Sosroningrat Wedana (assistant of head of regency) in Mayong.
a. Her anaphora refers to kartini in sentence 4
6. Her mother, Mangasirah was a girl from teluk Awur village in Jepara as the daughter of a noble family; she felt luck because she got more than the ordinary people got.
a. Her is anaphora refers kartini mother
b. She is anaphora refers to kartini
7. She got better education than other children in November 12 1903 she married Adipati Djoyodiningrat, the head of Rembang regency.
a. She anaphora refers to kartini in sentence 4
b. than other is ellipsis refers to women in sentence 2
8. According to Javanese tradition Kartini had to follow her husband.
a. Her is anaphora refers to kartini husband
9. Then she moved to Rembang. In September 13 1904 she gave a birth to her son. His name was Singgih.
a. Then is conjuction temporal refers time
b. She is anaphora refer to kartini in sentence 4
c. His is cataphora refers Singgih
10. But after giving birth to a son, her condition was getting worse and she finally passed away on September 17 1904 on her 25 years old now Kartini has gone
a. But after is conjunction of contractive relation
b. Her is anaphora refers to age of kartini
c. She is anaphora refers to kartini in sentence 4
d. finally is conjunction temporal relation refers to life of kartini
11. But her spirit and dream will always be in our heart.
a. But is conjunction of contractive relation refers spirit of kartini
b. will always is substitution refers to spirit and dream of kartini
12. Nowadays Indonesian women progress is influenced by Kartini's spirit stated on collection of letter habis gelap terbitlah terang from the dusk to the dawn
a. Nowadays is temporal conjunction refers to time
b. Indonesian is kataphora refers to kartini.
References
1. Developing English competencies for senior high school (SMA /MA) grade X1 of language program oleh Ahmad Dedi, Ahmad suggeng, effendi di terbitkan oleh pusat perbukuan department pendidikan nasonal tahun 2008 jakarta.
2. Panduan lembar kerja siswa untuk SMA atau MA semester Gasal kelas 1 sesuai dengan kurrikulum 2004 KBK . oleh AL. hari sutomo , Drs, Rusmaijan dkk. Penerbit dan percetakan CV hayati.
